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Mozart Effect: A Popular Myth Debunked and Explained

1 year ago
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Pregnant women everywhere can pull the headset away from their bellies. A thorough review of research has debunked the idea that classical music can boost the intelligence of newborns or, for that matter, pretty much anybody.

The article, "Mozart Effect, Schmozart Effect," analyzed 40 studies completed during the last 15 years. The conclusion? There's absolutely no evidence to suggest that classical music will lead to superior smarts.

That's not exactly news to most in the scientific community, which has largely dismissed the popularized version of the theory. But how did a single research paper on spatial reasoning turn into a widespread thesis on the link between instrumentals and intelligence? Surge Desk breaks it down.

What, exactly, is "The Mozart Effect"?

It's probably not what you think. In 1993, psychologist Francis Rauscher did a small experiment on 36 college students. The students listened to either a Mozart song, a monotone voice or silence, and then completed a test of spatial reasoning.

Those who listened to Mozart scored higher, leading Rauscher to conclude that the tune mildly improved spatial reasoning -- but that the effect wore off after 10 or 15 minutes.

"It's very important to note that we did not find effects for general intelligence," she told NPR, "just for this one aspect of intelligence. It's a small gain and it doesn't last very long."

Why did it become so popular?

Soon after her study, Rauscher published a one-page paper on the experiment in the journal Nature.

The Associated Press picked it up, and from there, a myth was born. Headlines like "Mozart Makes You Smart" were enough to transform the actual conclusion of the small study into something a little more sensational.

"I mean we walked into Virgin Records one day and there was a whole kiosk of Mozart music and quotations from our paper," Rauscher said.

How does classical music really affect the brain?

Although science has been unable to demonstrate a connection between classical music and general intelligence, researchers have discovered benefits to music more generally.

Because tunes stimulate the brain, they're thought to boost cognitive capacity. And, for a double dose of mind enhancement, use music as a workout accompaniment -- the combination of music and exercise is thought to improve cognition even more.
Filed Under: Surge Desk

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sushiferret

I try listening to classical music but I truly can't stand it. It agitates me and annoys the crap out of me. For those wondering, I was in the top 20 of my graduating class in highschool and a psych major in college and I listen to rock. I wish I liked classical music but its like nails on a chalk board and I have tried everything from Mozart to Rockmaninoff. I guess its all in taste, if I was in an art class and someone was playing classical music I can promise I wouldn't be more creative or open minded, I would be going nuts and probably leave the room to prevent myself from audio torture. The same would go for food, I am not a fan of sauerkraut, I can not stomach the taste but my friend can eat it in spoon fulls.

June 29 2010 at 3:32 PM Report abuse rate up rate down Reply
Eric The Red

Listening to Mozart doesn't make you smart. Being smart leads to listening to Mozart not because smart people listen to classical music but smart people listen to good music. That by no means suggests that listening to popular music makes one dumb because musical tastes are as individual as any other. Mozart has endured the test of time and has transcended fads throughout subsequent generations. Most people with what is usually said to be average intelligence are quite capable of doing most things so-called smart people are able to do. It just may take a little more time and effort. Working hard and striving are many times more important than inate intelligence.

June 29 2010 at 2:02 PM Report abuse rate up rate down Reply
ericbroth

i'm convinced that this study was cooked up to boost sales of classical music CDs.

June 29 2010 at 1:57 PM Report abuse rate up rate down Reply
Unlisted

Mozart's music-- and classical music, in general-- is NOT necessarily "relaxing." That's the case only when compared to most of today's pop and rock music, which is 99% drek.

The "Mozart Effect" in babies was likely due to the fact that parents who played Mozart were more educated and, therefore, their children were likely to be more educated. JMO!

June 29 2010 at 1:11 PM Report abuse +4 rate up rate down Reply
wns1963

I always found a good dose of Howlin' Wolf to be stimulating. And Muddy Waters, Slim Harpo, Jimmy Reed, et. al. At other times, Little Richard and Fats Domino will suffice, and Buddy Holly, Carl Perkins, Bill Haley . . .

June 29 2010 at 1:04 PM Report abuse rate up rate down Reply
Mark and Ivone

I heard that the Mozart effect dealt with Mozart's music only. Not with Classical music in general.

June 29 2010 at 12:56 PM Report abuse rate up rate down Reply
scottsdalehills

My friend's wife put headphones on her abdomen when she was pregnant, and she cranked up the volume to be sure her developing baby would hear Mozart clearly. When her son was born, he was deaf. The doctor said his eardrums had been burst by loud noises somehow.

To me...THAT'S the "Mozart Effect" !!!

June 29 2010 at 12:56 PM Report abuse -1 rate up rate down Reply
Mr. D

Hmmmm, interesting. It was the studies fault but the Associated Press who picked up and try to make it sensational to sell papers. Imagine that, a newspaper getting it wrong.

June 29 2010 at 12:34 PM Report abuse rate up rate down Reply
Mike

In all fairness, I don't have one shred of scientific evidence to back this up, but I still believe the Mozart Effect is a valid theory, even if only anecdotally. The only qualification I would make is to change it from the Mozart Effect to the Mozart/Coltrane Effect.

My grandmother was our little town's piano and violin teacher and under her influence, I was constantly exposed to classical music. Did it make me smarter? Well, maybe not according to my teachers, but I do believe that by being exposed to music that was more complex and required a little more effort to analyze and appreciate, I learned to think critically and to develop above average abstract thinking skills.

Our children listen to a lot of classical music and more jazz than their friends are generally exposed to (my fourteen year old daughter probably thinks Hannah Montana is some town out west but can tell you every song Ella Fitzgerald ever sang, while I've walked in on my severteen year old son to find him mesmerized by John Coltrane's classic album, A Love Supreme). While I have no evidence, I do believe that their exposure to jazz and classical music is one reason why they are the way they are: thoughtful, polite, studious, and able to sit still and just enjoy the world around them.

And, of course, the subversive part of me loves Baby Mozart and Baby Einstein and anything that exposes children to classical music. When I was a boy, most children's exposure to classical music was limited to Bugs Bunny cartoons (yes, you know you still love "Kill the Wabbit") or perhaps Orson Welles narrating Peter and the Wolf. But now, children don't even get to hear those things. Rap, Hip Hop, American Idol-style Top 40 and some commotion that passes for rock and roll is all children hear today. You can't help but wonder if classical music (and jazz, for that matter) will soon go the way of the dodo, rotary dial telephones, and my hair.

But then, I digress...

June 29 2010 at 12:19 PM Report abuse +3 rate up rate down Reply
2 replies to Mike's comment
Andrew

You're absolutely right-- In my opinion, more people should learn music theory. Its an incredibly intricate and stimulating "language" that encompasses both mathematical and artistic brain processes. And maybe more people people would realize that most modern pop artists simply throw together cookie cutter chord progessions that make for incredibly one-dimensional music. Even so, I don't think classical and jazz music will ever be forgotten-- there will always be a percentage of each new generation who, through musical education, learn to appreciate actual talent (I know I'm part of that chunk-- learning guitar was the best choice I've ever made). Unfortunately, the masses will still forever judge music based on if it "sounds catchy." Anyway, my original point was that I've always held the same belief about the "Mozart effect" that you outlined.

June 29 2010 at 1:26 PM Report abuse +1 rate up rate down Reply
Kat

"...I do believe that their exposure to jazz and classical music is one reason why they are the way they are: thoughtful, polite, studious, and able to sit still and just enjoy the world around them."

Mike, I think you're selling yourself short by giving the music the credit here. Seems to me like the exposure to music and the temprament of your children aren't causally related at all and both down to the same thing: sound parenting. Good for you and your whole family :)

June 29 2010 at 3:12 PM Report abuse rate up rate down Reply
Carol

It is funny how things can get blown out of porportion. Yes, music like Mozart may be helpful to your child but it won't make him smart. Just like the trendy acai berry may be good for you but it's not a "miracle" fruit.
Studies show that children learn best with interactive, real time learning. Nowadays there are so many videos that promise the moon. Children are plopped in front of the tv and expected to become geniuses. Yes, good ol cards with letters on them works better than some fancy cartoon. There is no "easy" way to make your child do well in school. Another advantage to one on one old fashioned teaching, you get to see your childs weaknesses. Sorry, your child is not gifted because he knows his vowels after watching that video for the 100th time.

June 29 2010 at 12:13 PM Report abuse rate up rate down Reply

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